![]() ![]() In The Physiological Society's year of ‘Making Sense of Stress’, this review has wide‐ranging implications that are not limited to one discipline, but are integrative and relevant for physiology, psychophysiology, neuroscience and pathophysiology.Ībbreviations AMS acute mountain sickness ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome ƒ R respiratory frequency HH hypobaric hypoxia HN hypobaric normoxia HRV heart rate variability HVR hypoxic ventilatory response IH intermittent hypoxia KF Kölliker‐Fuse MAP mean arterial pressure NH normobaric hypoxia NN normobaric normoxia PAG periaqueductal grey matter RPE rating of perceived exertion T es oesophageal temperature T I inspiratory time T E expiratory time V ˙ A alveolar ventilation V ˙ D wasted ventilation V Danat anatomical’ or ‘airway’ dead space V Dphys physiological dead space V ˙ E minute ventilation V T tidal volumeIntroduction We also present some tentative evidence that the pattern of ƒ R and V T could provide some useful diagnostic information for a variety of clinical conditions. For the stressors reviewed, as the stress becomes extreme V ˙ E generally becomes increased more by ƒ R than V T. We consider moderating factors, including exercise, sex, intensity and duration of stimuli. Our aim being to consider if there is an overall differential control of ƒ R and V T that applies in a wide range of conditions. Where possible we also consider the potential mechanisms that underpin the responses identified, and propose mechanisms by which differences in ƒ R and V T are mediated. This review investigates the impact of stressors including: cold, heat, hypoxia, pain and panic on the contributions of ƒ R and V T to V ˙ E to see if they differ with different stressors. But, the same V ˙ E can be achieved by a wide variety of changes in the depth (tidal volume, V T) and number of breaths (respiratory frequency, ƒ R). This is predominantly reported as an increase in minute ventilation ( V ˙ E). ![]() Many stressors cause an increase in ventilation in humans. ![]()
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